history
Crucifixion of Jesus
The event affirmed by the earliest Christian sources and denied by Quran 4:157.
Visual chronology
Text and Tradition Timeline
A compact orientation to the manuscript, canon, and hadith dates that recur throughout the case. Dates marked “c.” are approximate.
manuscript
Major biblical manuscript witnesses
Papyri and codices establish the broad pre-Islamic textual record of Christian scripture.
quran
Quranic proclamation
Traditional period of Muhammad's revelations.
canon
First collection tradition
Bukhari reports Zayd's collection under Abu Bakr after deaths at Yamama.
canon
Uthmanic standardization
A consonantal text is standardized and competing materials are ordered destroyed.
manuscript
Sanaa palimpsest
Its lower text witnesses a non-standard early textual tradition.
hadith
Sahih al-Bukhari
One of the most authoritative Sunni hadith collections is compiled.
hadith
Sahih Muslim
The second canonical Sunni sahih collection is compiled.
canon
Seven readings canonized
Ibn Mujahid's selection helps define the later canonical reading tradition.
print
Cairo Quran edition
The Hafs reading receives a highly influential modern printed standard.